Medical Terminology 4 - 5

MEDICAL TERMS FOR CHAPTER FOUR

1. APNEA - no, not, without (a-) breathing (-pnea).
2. ANOXIA - condition (-ia) no, not, without (an-) oxygen (ox/o).  
3. ABNORMAL - pertaining to (-al) away from (ab-) rule, order (norm/o).
4. ABDUCTOR - one who (-or) leads or carries (duct/o) away from (ab-).  Abductor muscles pull limbs away from the body.
5. ADDUCTOR - one who (-or) leads or carries (duct/o) towards (ad-).  Adductor muscles move draw limbs toward the body.
6. ADRENAL GLANDS - endocrine glands located above each kidney.  They secrete hormones that affect the body’s functioning such as adrenaline.  
7. ANABOLISM - the process or condition of (-ism) casting or throwing (bol/o) up, apart (ana-).  
8. ANALYSIS - literally the breakdown, destruction or separation (-lysis) of something up or apart (ana-).  The process by which one takes a part something for medical examination.
9. ANTE CIBUM - structure (-um) before (ante-) meals (cib/o).  Used to direct the dosage of medication(s) to before meals.
10. ANTEFLEXION - the process of (-ion) bending (flex/o) before, or forward (ante-).
11. ANTEPARTUM -  before (ante-) birth or labor (-partum).
12. ANTIBIOTIC - pertaining to (-ic) against (anti-) life (bio-).
13. ANTIGEN - substance that produces (-gen) against (anti-).  An antigen is a bacterium or virus that stimulates the production of an antibody.
14. ANTIBODY - against (anti-) body.  This is a protein produced to fight against an antigen.
15. ANTITOXIN - pertaining to (-in) against (anti-) a poison (tox/o).  This is an antibody that acts against a toxin such as the tetanus antitoxin.
16. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE - a condition in which the cells that provide protection (immun/o) of the body or self, own (auto-) makes antibodies against it’s own good cells.
17. BIFURCATION - pertaining to (-ion) the forking or branching (furc/o) into two (bi-).  Such as the normal splitting of the trachea to form the bronchi.
18. BILATERAL - pertaining to (-al) two (bi-) sides (later/o).
19. BRADYCARDIA - pertaining to (-ia) a slow (brady-) heart (cardi/o).  Bradycardia is a slow heart rate or a pulse of less than 60.
20. CATABOLISM - process or condition (-ism) to cast (bol/o) down (cata-).  
21. CONGENTIAL ANOMALY - with, or together (con-)
22. CONNECTIVE - with, or together (con-)
23. CONTRAINDICATION - an indicator pertaining to (-ion) something against or opposite (contra-) a previous thought process.  A factor that points against an idea or diagnosis that was previously thought to be correct.
24. CONTRALATERAL - pertaining to (-al) the opposite (contra-) side (later/o).
25. DEHYDRATION
26. DIAMETER - complete (dia-) measure (-meter) of a line that bisects a circle.
27. DIARRHEA - complete (dia-) flow of discharge (-rrhea).
28. DIALYSIS - complete (dia-) breakdown, destruction or separation (-lysis).
29. DYSPNEA - bad, painful, difficult or abnormal (dys-) breathing (-pnea).
30. DYSPLASIA - bad, painful, difficult or abnormal (dys-) development, formation or growth (-plasia).
31. ECTOPIC PREGNACY - pertaining to (-ic) a pregnancy occurring outside (ecto-) the normal area.  
32. ENDOCARDIUM - structure or tissue (-ium) in or within (endo-) the heart (cardi/o).  Connectivetissue within the heart.
33. ENDOSCOPE - an instrument used to visually study (-scope) in or within (endo-)
34. ENDOTRACHEAL - pertaining to (-al) in or within (endo-) the trachea or windpipe (trache/o).
35. EPITHELIUM - the covering connective tissue of both the internal and external surfaces of the body.
36. EUPHORIA - an exaggerated feeling of well being.
37. EUTHYROID - good, normal (eu-) thyroid functioning.
38. EXOPHTHALMOS - out, outside, away from (ex-); the eye (ophthalm/o).  A condition of enlargement and hyperactivity of the thyroid gland associated with a protrusion of the eyeball.
39. HEMIGLOSSECTOMY - malignancies of the oral (mouth) cavity are often treated with surgery to remove the cancerous growth.
40. HYPERGLYCEMIA - pertaining to (-ia) above normal (hyper-) sugar (glyc/o).  
41. HYPERPLASIA - an increase in cell numbers; formation or development (plas/o); characteristic of tumors.
42. HYPERTROPHY - an increase in the size of individual cells as is characteristic of muscle tissues.
43. HYPODERMIC INJECTION - under (hypo-); an injection given under the skin (derm/o).
44. HYPOGLYCEMIA - pertaining to (-ia) deficient (hypo-) amount of sugar (glyc/o).
45. INSOMNIAC - pertaining to (-ac) an inability to sleep.
46. INCISION - to cut into.
47. INTERCOSTAL - pertaining to (-al) between (inter-) the rib (cost/o).
48. INTRAVENOUS - pertaining to (-ous) within (intra-) the vein (ven/o)
49. MACROCEPHALY - process or condition (-y) of a large (macro-) head (cephal/o); this is a congenital anomoly.
50. MALIGNANT - bad (mal-); refers to “bad” cancer that has the potential to spread and is not benign (ben-) which is “good” or potentially controllable cancer.
51. MALAISE - a French word meaning discomfort.
52. METACARPAL BONES - beyond (meta-); refers to the five hand bones which lie beyond the wrist bones (carpals) but before the finger bones (phalanges).
53. METAMORPHOSIS - change (meta-) shape or form (morph/o); the ability of stem cells and certain life forms to undergo transformation (to specialize or mature).
54. METASTASIS - beyond (meta-) controlling or stopping (-stasis).
55. MICROSCOPE - instrument for visual examination (-scope) of small (micro-) entities.
56. NEONATAL - pertaining to (-ic) new (neo-) birth (nat/i).  The time period from birth to 28 days.
57. NEOPLASM - a new (neo-) structure or formation (-plasm).  May be benign or cancerous.
58. PANCYTOPENIA - deficiency (-penia) affecting all (pan-) cells (cyt/o).  Specifically a deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
59. PARALYSIS - Abnormal (para-) disruption of the connection or separation (-lysis) between nerve and muscle.  Describes the loss of movement one one side of the body as occurs in stroke victims.
60. PARATHYROID GLANDS - the four glands beside or near (para-) the thyroid gland.  These glands are responsible for the secretion of a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissue.
61. PERCUTANEOUS - structure or substance (-us) going through (per-) the skin (cutane/o).  
62. PERICARDIUM - structure or tissue (-ium) around (peri-) the heart (cardi/o).
63. PERIOSTEUM - structure or tissue (-um) around (peri-) bone (oste/o).
64. POLYMORPHONUCLEAR - pertaining to (-ar) many (poly-) shape or form (morph/o) nucleus (nucle/o).  A nucleus which is so deeply divided as to appear multiple.
65. POLYNEURITIS - inflammation of (-itis) many (poly-) nerves (neur/o).  an acute, rapidly progressive ascending motor neuron paralysis; often occurs after or during an enteric or respiratory infection.
66. POSTMORTEM - after (post-) death (mort/o).
67. POSTPARTUM - after (post-) birth or labor (-partum).
68. PRECANCEROUS - pertaining to (-ous) before (pre-) cancer.
69. PRENATAL - pertaining to (-al) before (pre-) birth (nat/i).
70. PRODROME - to run (-drome) before (pro-); refers to signs or symptoms which occur before the actual illness.
71. PROLAPSE - to slide, fall or sag (-lapse) forward (pro-).
72. PSEUDOCYESIS - false (pseudo-) pregnancy (-cyesis).
73. RELAPSE - back or again (re-) to slide or fall (-lapse).  Refers to falling back into a disease after remission.
74. REMISSION - to send (-mission) back (re-). The period during which the symptoms of a disease abate or subside.
75. RECOMBINANT DNA - DNA artificially constructed by insertion of foreign DNA into the DNA of an appropriate organism so that the foreign DNA is replicated along with the host DNA.
76. RETROPERITONEAL - pertaining to (-al) behind (retro-) the peritoneum (peritone/o).
77. RETROFLEXION - process (-ion); to bend (flex/o) behind (retro-).  The bending of an organ or part so that its top is thrust backward.
78. SUBCUTANEOUS - pertaining to (-ous) below (sub-) the skin (cutane/o).
79. SUPRAPUBIC - pertaining to (-ic) above (supra-) the pubis (pub/o).
80. SYNDACTYLY - fingers or toes (dactyl/o) together (syn-).  Persistence of webbing between the digits of the hands or feet.
81. SYNTHESIS - the creation of an integrated whole by the combining of simpler parts or entities.
82. SYNDROME - to run (-drome) together (syn-).  A group os signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease.
83. SYMBIOSIS - refers to two organisms living together (sym-) in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.
84. SYMMETRY - equality of parts on opposite sides.
85. SYMPHYSIS - to grow (-physis) together (sym-).  Eg: Pubic symphysis.
86. TACHYPNEA - fast (tachy-) breathing (-pnea).
87. TRANSFUSION - across or through (trans-) coming together or to pour (-fusion).  The transfer of blood or blood parts from one person to another.
88. TRANSURETHRAL - pertaining to (-al) across or through (trans-) the urethra (urethr/o).
89. ULTRASONOGRAPHY - The use of sound waves beyond (ultra-) human hearing to record an image for study.
90. UNILATERAL - pertaining to (-al) one (uni-) side (later/o).

Match the following terms with their meaning:

syndrome        neoplasm        remission        paralysis

prodrome        syndactyly        relapse        parathyroid


1.    loss of movement in muscles - PARALYSIS.

2.    symptoms that appear before an illness - PRODROME.

3.    symptoms lessen - REMISSION.

4.    disease or symptoms return - RELAPSE.

5.    webbed fingers and toes - SYNDACTYLY.

6.    new growth - NEOPLASM.

MEDICAL TERMS FOR CHAPTER FIVE

1. PERIANAL - pertaining to (-al) surrounding or around (peri-) the anus (an/o).
2. APPENDECTOMY - excision or removal (-ectomy) of the appendix (append/o).
3. APPENDICITIS - inflammation of (-itis) of the appendix (append/o).
4. BUCCAL MUCOSA - pertaining to (-al) mucous (muc/o) of the cheek (bucc/o).
5. CECAL - pertaining to (-al) the cecum (cec/o).
6. CELIAC - pertaining to (-ac) the belly or abdomen (celi/o).
7. CHEILOSIS - condition, usually abnormal (-osis) of the lip (cheil/o).
8. CHOLECYSTECTOMY - excision or removal (-ectomy) of the gallbladder (cholecyst/o).
9. CHOLEDOCHOTOMY - process of cutting, incision (-tomy) of the common bile duct (choledoch/o).
10. COLOSTOMY - new opening (-stomy) in the colon (col/o),
11. COLONIC - pertaining to (-ic) the colon (col/o),
12. COLONOSCOPY - process of visually examining (-scopy) the colon (col/o).
13. DENTIBUCCAL - pertaining to (-al) the teeth (dent/i) and cheek (bucc/o).
14. DUODENAL - pertaining to (-al) the duodenum (duoden/o).
15. ENTEROCOLITIS - inflammation of (itis) intestines, usually the small intestines (enter/o) and colon (col/o).
16. ENTEROENTEROSTOMY -  new opening (-stomy) in the intestines, usually the small intestines (enter/o).
17. MESENTERY - the double layer of the peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen.
18. PARENTERAL - is a route of administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membrane.
19. ESOPHAGEAL - pertaining to (-eal) the esophagus (esophag/o).
20. FACIAL - pertaining to (-al) the face (faci/o).
21. GASTROSTOMY - new opening (-stomy) to the stomach (gastr/o).
22. GINGIVITIS - inflammation of (-itis) the gums (gingiv/o).
23. HYPOGLOSSAL - below or under (hypo-) the tongue (gloss/o).
24. HEPATOMA - tumor, mass or swelling (-oma) of the liver (hepat/o).
25. HEPATOMEGALY - enlargement (-megaly) of the liver (hepat/o).
26. ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER - muscle that works like a valve between the Ileum and the Cecum.
27. ILEITIS - inflammation (-itis) of the ileum (ile/o).
28. ILEOSTOMY - new opening (-stomy) to the ileum (ile/o).
29. CHOLEDOCHOJEJUNOSTOMY - opening (-stomy) between the jejunum (jejun/o) and the common bile duct (choledoch/o).
30. GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY - opening (-stomy) between the stomach (gastr/o) and jejunum (jejun/o).
31. LABIAL - pertaining to (-al) the lip (labi/o).
32. LAPAROSCOPY - process of visually examining (-scopy) the abdomen (lapar/o).
33. SUBLINGUAL - pertaining to (-al) under or below (sub-) the tongue (lingu/o).
34. SUBMANDIBULAR - pertaining to (-ar) under or below (sub-) the mandible or lower jaw (mandibul/o).
35. ORTHODONTIST - specialist (-ist) in teeth (odont/o) and the surrounding facial bones; dentofacial orthopaedics.
36. PERIODONIST - surrounding, or around (peri-) the teeth (odont/o).
37. ENDODONTIST - specialist (-ist) in (complications) within (endo-) the teeth (odont/o).
38. ORAL - pertaining to (-al) the mouth (or/o).
39. PALATOPLASTY - surgical repair (-plasty) of the palate (palat/o).
40. PANCREATITIS - inflammation of (-itis) the pancreas (pancreat/o).
41. PERITONITIS - inflammation of (-itis) the peritoneum (peritone/o).
42. PHARYNGEAL - pertaining to (-al) the throat (pharyng/o).
43. PROCTOLOGIST - specialist (-ist) in the study of (log/o) the anus and rectum (proct/o).
44. PYLOROPLASTY - surgical repair of (-plasty) pyloric sphincter (pylor/o).
45. RECTOCELE - hernia (-cele) of the rectum (rect/o).
46. SIALADENITIS - inflammation of (-itis) salivary glands (sialaden/o).
47. SIGMOIDOSCOPY - process of visually examining (-scopy) the sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o).
48. STOMATITIS - inflammation of (-itis) the mouth (stomat/o).
49. UVULECTOMY - excision or removal (-ectomy) of the uvula (uvul/o).
50. AMYLASE - starch (amyl/o) enzyme (-ase).
51. BILIARY - pertaining to (-ary) gall or bile (bil/i).
52. HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA - excessive or above normal (hyper-) blood condition (-emia) of the bile pigment (bilirubin) (bil/i)
53. CHOLELITHIASIS - abnormal condition (-iasis) of bile or gall (bil/i) stones (lith/o).
54. ACHLORHYDRIA - pertaining to (-ia) no or without (a-) hydrochloric acid (chlorohydr/o).
55. GLUCONEOGENESIS - condition of producing or forming (-genesis) new (neo-) sugar (gluc/o).
56. HYPERGLYCEMIA - blood condition (-emia) of excessive (hyper-) sugar (glyc/o).
57. GLYCOGENOLYSIS - destruction; breakdown or separation (-lysis) of glycogen; animal starch (glycogen/o).
58. LIPOMA - fat or lipid (lip/o) mass; tumor or swelling (-oma).
59. LITHOGENESIS - formation (-genesis) of stones (lith/o).
60. PROTEASE - protein (prote/o) enzyme (-ase).
61. SIALOLITH - salivary (sial/o) stone (lith/o).
62. STEATORRHEA - fat (steat/o) flow; discharge (-rrhea).
63. LIPASE - fat or lipid (lip/o) enzyme (-ase).
64. HEMATOCHEZIA - blood (hemat/o) with defecation; elimination of waste (-chezia); the passage of maroon colored stool.
65. CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS - abnormal condition (-iasis) of stones (lith/o) in the common bile duct (choledoch/o).
66. POSTPRANDIAL - after (post-) prandial (meals).

A.         Complete the following:

1. lapar/o and celi/o both mean - ABDOMEN.
2. gloss/o and lingu/o both mean - TONGUE,
3. or/o and stomat/o both mean - MOUTH.
4. labi/o and cheil/o both mean - LIP.

B.        Build the medical terms

1.         Enlargement of the liver - HEPATOMEGALY.

2.         Study of the cause of disease - PATHOLOGY.

3.         Incision of the common bile duct - CHOLEDOCHOTOMY.

4.         Surgical repair of the roof of the mouth - PALATOPLASTY.

5.         After meals - POSTPRANDIAL.

6.         New opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum - CHOLEDOCHOJEJUNOSTOMY

C.        Match the following digestive system structures to their meanings

Colon                     duodenum                   esophagus                  ileum

Pharynx                 gallbladder                   cecum                         pancreas

1. third part of the small intestine - ILEUM.
2. Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes - PANCREAS.
3. First part of the large intestine - CECUM.
4. Small sac under the liver, stores bile - GALLBLADDER.
5. Tube connecting the throat to the stomach - ESOPHAGUS.
6. Large intestine - COLON.
7. First part of the small intestine - DUODENUM.
8. Throat - PHARYNX.